The Great Illusionist and the Digital Double: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Artificial Intelligence in the Advent of a Hyperbolic Reality

Abstract
This paper reflects on the relationship between human beings and digital technology and its impact on the development and functioning of the mind. It considers the disruptive effect of the accelerated introduction of the digital, the profound changes in the organisation of social and family life, and the potential consequences of the absence of time for the maturation of the adaptive processes necessary for structuring the mind. The aim is to understand how the hyperconnected life in the digital space, from childhood onwards, interferes with the proper construction of mental space. Potential risks of psychopathological configurations are identified in terms of reality apprehension, the ability to think and subjective emotional experience, as a result of the experience of space and time’s distortion, which seems to offer a distinct geometry of reality. By analysing the different characteristics of generative Artificial Intelligence, we explore the possible reasons for its creation and the risks inherent in the interaction between human beings and machines, considering the illusory component of the experience and the unbearable finitude inherent to the human condition. Psychoanalysis is proposed as an appropriate theoretical/clinical framework for problematising/intervening in the phenomena arising from the coalescence of mental and digital spaces.
Keywords
Human Mind, Artificial Intelligence, Hyperbolic Reality, Digital Technology, Psychoanalysis
Author Biography
Filipe Leão Miranda
Psicólogo Clínico e Psicoterapeuta. Membro Efetivo e Formador da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicoterapias Breves (SPPB). Membro Candidato da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise (SPP).
Joana Pizarro Bravo
Jurista, especializada em Direito da Comunicação Social e Regulação dos Media, desenvolvendo trabalho na área da Inteligência Artificial. Membro Candidato da Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicanálise (SPP).
References
- Anderlini, D., Agnati, L., Guidolin, D., Marcoli, M., Marcoli, A. S., & Maura, G. (2022). From Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality to everlasting cloud hyper-collective mind: ethical implications for artificial intelligence. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 72(6/7), 648–665. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-08-2021-0130
- Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. University of Michigan Press.
- Benyon, D. (2014). Spaces of Interaction, Places for Experience. Morgan and Claypool Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02206-7
- Bengio, Y., Hinton, G., Yao, A., Song, D., Abbeel, P., Darrell, T., Harari, Y. N., Zhang, Y., Xue, L., Shalev-Shwartz, S., Hadfield, G., Clune, J., Maharaj, T., Hutter, F., Baydin, A. G., McIlraith, S., Gao, Q., Acharya, A., Krueger, D., Dragan, A., Torr, P., Stuart, R., Kahneman, D., Brauner, J. & Mindermann, S. (2024). Managing extreme AI risks amid rapid progress. Science, 384(6698), 842–845. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn0117
- Bion, W. (2018). Learning from Experience. Em C. Mawson (Ed.), The Complete Works of W.R. Bion (vol. 4, pp. 247–365). Routledge. (Original publicado em 1962.)
- Bion, W. (2018). A Theory of Thinking. Em C. Mawson (Ed.), The Complete Works of W.R. Bion (vol. 6, pp. 153–161). Routledge. (Original publicado em 1967.)
- CAIS. (2023). Statement on AI Risk. [Carta Aberta]. https://www.safe.ai/work/statement-on-ai-risk#open-letter
- Chiriatti, M., Ganapini, M., Panai, E., Ubiali, M. & Riva, G. (2024). The case for human–AI interaction as system 0 thinking. Nature Human Behaviour, 8, 1829–1830. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01995-5
- Civitarese, G. (2016). Where does the reality principle begin? The work of the margins in Freud’s “Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning”. Em G. Legorreta & L. J. Brown (Eds.), On Freud’s “Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning” (pp. 107–125). Karnac Books.
- Damásio, A. (2017). O Livro da Consciência: A Construção do Cérebro Consciente. Temas e Debates.
- De Masi, F. (2023). Lessons in Psychoanalysis — Psychopathology and Clinical Psychoanalysis for Trainee Analysts. Karnac Books.
- Frankel, R. & Krebs, V. J. (2022). Human Virtuality and Digital Life. Routledge. Freud, S. (1981). Formulations regarding two principles in mental functioning. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. /00, pp. 218–226). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1911.)
- Freud, S. (1981). The Unconscious. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. /0, pp. 166–215). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1915.)
- Freud, S. (1981). The ‘Uncanny’. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. /,00, pp. 217–252). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1919.)
- Freud, S. (1981). The Ego and the Id. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. /0/, pp. 12–66). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1923.)
- Freud, S. (1981). The Future of an Illusion. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. //0, pp. 5–58). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1927.)
- Freud, S. (1981). Civilization and its Discontents. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. //0, pp. 64–145). The Hogarth Press. (Original publicado em 1930.)
- Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371, 20150164. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0164
- Grotstein, J. S. (1978). Inner Space: Its Dimensions and its Coordinates. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 59(1), 55–61.
- Grotstein, J. S. (2000). Who is the Dreamer Who Dreams the Dream: A Study of Psychic Presences. The Analytic Press.
- Grotstein, J. S. (2004). The seventh servant: The implications of a truth drive in Bion’s theory of ‘O’. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 85(5), 1081–1101. https://doi.org/10.1516/JU9M-1TK1-54QJ-LWTP
- Harari, Y. N. (2024). Nexus — A Brief History of Information from the Stone Age to AI. Fern Press.
- Hawthorn, A. (2015). “You Are Just Like Me” The Motif of the Double in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Agushaya Poem. Kaskal, 12, 451–466.
- Hikaru, T., Yasuyuki, T., Kohei, A., Michiko, A., Yuko, S., Susumu, Y., Yuka, K., Rui, N. & Ryuta, K. (2018). Impact of frequency of internet use on development of brain structures and verbal intelligence: Longitudinal analyses. Human brain mapping, 39(11), 4471–4479. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24286
- Holowchak, M. A. (2010). Technology and Freudian Discontent: Freud’s ‘Muffed’ Meliorism and the Problem of Human Annihilation. Sophia, 49(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-009-0160-1
- Hutton, J. S., Dudley, J., Horowitz-Kraus, T., DeWitt, T. & Holland, S. K. (2020). Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(1), e193869. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
- Jung, C. G. (1981). Two Kinds of Thinking. Em H. Read, M. Fordham & G. Adler (Eds.), The Collected Works (vol. 5, pp. 7–33). Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original publicado em 1956.)
- Jung, C. G. (1977). The Structure of the Psyche. Em H. Read, M. Fordham & G. Adler (Eds.), The Collected Works (vol. 8, pp. 139–158). Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original publicado em 1960.)
- Klein, M. (1935). A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 16, 145–174.
- Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 27, 99–110.
- Kurzweil, R. (2024). How to Create a Mind — The Secret of Human Thought Revealed. Duckworth. (Original publicado em 2013.)
- Levine, H. B. (2016). Two principles and the possibility of emotional growth. Em G. Legorreta & L. J. Brown (Eds.), On Freud’s “Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning” (pp. 151–164). Karnac Books.
- Mahler, S. M., Pine, F. & Bergman, A. (1975). Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. Basic Books.
- Massaroni, V., Delle Donne, V., Marra, C., Arcangeli, V. & Chieffo, D. P. R. (2024). The Relationship between Language and Technology: How Screen Time Affects Language Development in Early Life — A Systematic Review. Brain Science, 14(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14010027
- Matte Blanco, I. (1988). Thinking, Feeling, and Being: Clinical Re"ections on the Fundamental Antinomy of Human Beings and World. Routledge.
- Meltzer, D. (1992). The Claustrum: An Investigation of Claustrophobic Phenomena. The Clunie Press.
- Ogden, T. H. (1989). On the concept of an autistic-contiguous position. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70(1), 127–140.
- Ogden, T. H. (1994). Subjects of Analysis. Jason Aronson Inc.
- Ogden, T. H. (2003). What’s true and whose idea was it? The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84(3), 593-606. https://doi.org/10.1516/002075703766644634
- OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (Versão 4.o mini) [Grande Modelo de Linguagem]. https://chatgpt.com
- Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The Archeolo# of Mind — Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Patowary, U. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: A Comparative Analysis of Creation, Morality and Responsibility. Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities. 3(4), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.4.16
- Rank, O. (1971). The Double — A Psychoanalytic Study. Maresfield Library.
- Resnik, S. (1995). Mental Space. Karnac Books.
- Resnik, S. (2011). An Archeolo# of the Mind. Silvy Edizioni.
- Romanyshyn, R. D. (2023). Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Re'ections on the
- Other as Monster. Em D. Goodman & M. Clemente (Eds.), The Routle- dge International Handbook of Psychoanalysis, Subjectivity, and Technology (pp. 116–124). Routledge.
- Searles, H. F. (1960). The Nonhuman Environment in Normal Development and in Schizophrenia. International Universities Press.
- Seligman, S. (2018). Illusion as a Basic Psychic Principle: Winnicott, Freud, Oedipus, and Trump. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 66(2), 263–288.
- Sina, E., Buck, C., Ahrens, W., Coumans, J., Eiben, G., Formisano, A., Lissner, L., Mazur, A., Michels, N., Molnar, D., Moreno, L., Pala, V., Pohlabeln, H., Reisch, L., Tornaritis, M., Veidebaum, T. & Hebestrei, A. (2023). Digital media exposure and cognitive functioning in European children and adolescents of the I. Family study. Nature Scientific Reports, 13, 18855. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45944-0
- Spitz, R. A. (1965). The First Year of Life: A Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations. International Universities Press.
- Steiner, J. (1993). Psychic Retreats: Pathological Organizations in Psychotic, Neurotic and Borderline Patients. Routledge.
- Thorne, K. S. (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy. W. W. Norton & Norton Company.
- Tubert-Oklander, J. (2016). The quest for the real. Em G. Legorreta & L. J. Brown (Eds.), On Freud’s “Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning” (pp. 185–200). Karnac Books.
- Turkle, S. (2004). Whither Psychoanalysis in Computer Culture? Psychoanalytic Psychology. 21(1), 16–30. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0736-9735.21.1.16
- Turkle, S. (2024). Who Do We Become When We Talk to Machines? An MIT Exploration of Generative AI. https://doi.org/10.21428/e4baedd9.caa10d84
- Tustin, F. (1981). Autistic States in Children. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 585–595.
- Winnicott, D. W. (2007). The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. Karnac Books. (Original publicado em 1965.)
- Winnicott, D. W. (1975). O Brincar e a Realidade. Imago.